The lower range is recommended for joint or mucous membrane bleeding. Mplex concentrate (PCC), as a general guideline, a dosage of 50-100 units/kg IV at 12-hour intervals is recommended. The two charts below show the richest sources of vitamins K1 and K2, as well as the amounts these foods provide in a 100-gram serving ( 26, 28, 29, 30).In this article we will be discussing a very common question: vitamin k antidote. For people aged 19 and older, the adequate intake is 90 mcg for women and 120 mcg for men ( 27). The current dietary recommendations do not distinguish between vitamin K1 and K2. It is also produced by your gut bacteria ( 25, 26). MK-7: Formed by bacterial fermentation and found in fermented foods, such as natto, miso and sauerkraut.MK-4: Found in animal-sourced foods like liver, fat, egg yolk and cheese.Vitamin K2 is actually a large family of compounds, including menaquinone-4 (MK-4) and menaquinone-7 (MK-7). Vitamin K2 (menaquinone): This form is much rarer in food and mainly found in animal-sourced food and fermented foods like natto.It’s found in plants, notably leafy greens like kale and spinach. Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone): The most common form of vitamin K.Vitamin K comes in many different forms, traditionally divided into two groups: Evidence suggests it might be a concern, but a definite conclusion cannot be reached at this point. Scientists don’t know whether high vitamin D intake is harmful when vitamin K intake is inadequate. However, research is ongoing, and the picture might become clearer in the near future. No strong evidence proves that moderate amounts of vitamin D are harmful without an adequate intake of vitamin K. More research is needed before the validity of this theory can be fully confirmed ( 24).
In 2007, one nutritionist proposed that high doses of vitamin D may deplete vitamin K, potentially causing vitamin K deficiency. While extremely high doses of vitamin D may lead to dangerously high calcium levels and blood vessel calcification, it is still unclear if lower doses of vitamin D are harmful in the long term ( 13, 22, 23). Put simply, vitamin D toxicity may cause blood vessel calcification, while vitamin K may help prevent this from happening.Īlthough these strings of evidence may seem supportive enough, there are still a few missing puzzle pieces. High vitamin K intake may reduce the risk of heart disease: People who get high amounts of vitamin K2 from their diet are at a reduced risk of blood vessel calcification and heart disease ( 19, 20, 21).Vitamin K supplements may reduce BVC in humans: One controlled study in older people showed that supplementing with 500 mcg of vitamin K1 every day for three years slowed BVC by 6% ( 18).High-dose vitamin K supplements prevented BVC in animals: A controlled study in rats at a high risk of calcification showed that a high-dose vitamin K2 supplement prevented BVC ( 17).Vitamin K deficiency is associated with BVC: Observational studies have linked low vitamin K levels to an increased risk of blood vessel calcification ( 16).BVC is associated with heart disease: According to experts, blood vessel calcification is one of the main underlying causes of heart disease ( 14, 15).Hypercalcemia leads to blood vessel calcification (BVC): In hypercalcemia, calcium and phosphorus levels become so high that calcium phosphate starts to accumulate in the lining of blood vessels.Vitamin D toxicity causes hypercalcemia: One symptom of extremely high vitamin D levels (toxicity) is hypercalcemia, a condition characterized by excessively high levels of calcium in the blood ( 13).Several lines of evidence partly support this idea:
Some people are concerned that a high vitamin D intake may promote blood vessel calcification and heart disease among those who are low in vitamin K. Vitamin K promotes calcium accumulation in your bones, while reducing its accumulation in soft tissues such as blood vessels. One of vitamin D’s main functions is to ensure adequate levels of calcium in your blood.
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